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通讯作者:

莫绪明,E-mail:mohsuming15@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R743

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2022)05-751-08

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20220525

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目录contents

    摘要

    目前长链非编码RNA(long noncoding RNA,lncRNA)已成为治疗脑缺血再灌注损伤的新靶标。越来越多的证据表明,lncRNA可以通过影响神经元细胞自噬参与脑缺血再灌注损伤的调节。文章从自噬的角度,以“lncRNA”、“神经元自噬”和 “脑缺血再灌注损伤”等作为关键词,系统回顾了lncRNA介导的神经元细胞自噬在脑缺血再灌注损伤中的相关研究。结果表明, lncRNA可以在自噬的各个阶段(诱导、成核、延伸、成熟和自噬体裂解)调控重要分子靶点,从而调节细胞自噬水平发挥神经保护作用。深入了解lncRNA在脑缺血再灌注损伤中自噬的调节机制,有望为缺血性脑损伤的治疗带来新的希望。

    Abstract

    At present,long noncoding RNA(lncRNA)have become a new target for the treatment of cerebral ischemia⁃reperfusion injury. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that the lncRNA can participate in the regulation of cerebral ischemia⁃reperfusion injury by affecting neuronal cell autophagy. This article aims to systematically review the effects of lncRNA⁃mediated neuronal cell autophagy in brain deficiency from the perspective of autophagy,using“lncRNA”,“neuronal autophagy”and“cerebral ischemia ⁃ reperfusion injury”as keywords. Studies have shown that lncRNA can regulate important target genes at all stages of autophagy(induction, nucleation,extension,maturation,and autophagosome lysis),thereby regulating the level of autophagy and exerting neuroprotective effects. Understanding the autophagy regulation of lncRNA and its mechanism of action in cerebral ischemia ⁃ reperfusion injury is expected to bring new hope for the treatment of ischemic brain injury.

  • 脑缺血再灌注损伤可诱发氧化应激[1]、钙超载[2]、谷氨酸兴奋毒性[3]、神经炎症[4] 和细胞凋亡[5] 等一系列病理反应。越来越多的证据表明自噬可能是治疗缺血再灌注损伤中的新靶点。在单侧颈动脉结扎构建的缺氧缺血小鼠模型中,与囊泡延伸和成熟密切相关的微管相关蛋白1轻链3⁃11(LC3⁃11)蛋白的表达水平明显增加,首次揭示了自噬参与了迟发性神经元细胞死亡[6]。此外,通过构建ATG7基因敲除小鼠,抑制神经元细胞自噬水平,证实了自噬在脑缺血再灌注脑损伤中具有重要的调节功能[7]。自噬是一种进化上保守的、自我降解的吞噬过程,涉及蛋白质、脂质和细胞器的降解和循环,属于不依赖半胱氨酸蛋白酶的程序性死亡[8]。哺乳动物的自噬一般分为3种类型:巨自噬、微自噬和分子伴侣介导的自噬。一般而言,自噬是指巨自噬,即内质网和线粒体的单层或双层膜结构包裹可溶性大分子物质或受损的细胞器形成自噬囊泡,与溶酶体融合形成自噬溶酶体,以内含的水解酶来降解相应底物,维持细胞在缺乏营养素的情况下的细胞活力。微自噬是一种溶酶体膜自身发生内陷,直接包裹和吞噬细胞质、细胞器或细胞核,形成自噬体并在溶酶体中降解。分子伴侣介导的自噬:通过选择性识别并结合带有特定氨基酸序列的可溶性蛋白质,例如,分子伴侣HSC70识别具有KFERQ序列的可溶性胞浆蛋白底物,再经溶酶体膜上的受体Lamp2a转运到溶酶体内并被水解酶降解。其中巨自噬与脑缺血再灌注损伤的关系研究最为广泛[9-10]。本文着重综述巨自噬在脑缺血再灌注损伤中的作用及相关分子靶点。

  • 巨自噬经历了自噬诱导、囊泡成核、自噬体的延伸和成熟、自噬溶酶体的融合和降解等多个阶段,这些过程中涉及到多个自噬相关基因和复杂的信号通路的调控。ATG1复合物(包括ATG1/ULK1、 ATG13和ATG17/FIP200)和mTORC1的抑制目前被认为参与了自噬的诱导[11]。Vps34(PI3K)⁃ATG6 (Beclin⁃1)⁃ATG14形成三聚体,持续募集自噬相关蛋白,并与ULK1/ATG1复合物一起促进自噬体的形成[12-13]。自噬体的延伸阶段主要依赖于两个泛素化系统,包括ATG12⁃ATG5复合物和MAP1⁃LC3/LC3/ATG8复合物[14]。在ATG4的作用下,LC3的前体被加工成胞浆可溶性LC3⁃1,后者在ATG7和ATG3的作用下形成脂溶性LC3⁃PE(LC3⁃11),参与自噬体的延伸直至形成自噬溶酶体。LC3⁃11位于自噬体膜上,是自噬体形成的生物标记物。p62/SQSTM蛋白与LC3特异性结合,并将泛素化蛋白聚集体或其他细胞组分募集到自噬小体中,然后在自噬溶酶体内降解[15]。这些自噬相关基因是脑缺血再灌注损伤中调控的关键靶点。然而,自噬对神经细胞的作用效应具有“双刃剑”的特性,对其确切的作用仍存在争议。在脑缺血再灌注早期,自噬可以通过清除受损的细胞器发挥神经保护作用[16-18]。然而,过度自噬会吞噬正常的蛋白质或细胞器,加重缺血再灌注期间的神经损伤[19-21]。因此,寻求有效的干预靶点尤为重要。近年来,已经观察到长链非编码RNA(long noncoding RNA,lncRNA)在自噬形成过程中起着重要作用。

  • 人类基因组中大约75%的基因可以被转录为RNA,但其中大部分被转录成无蛋白质编码能力的非编码RNA[22]。lncRNA是长度超过200个碱基,具有多种调控功能的一类RNA分子。目前对lncRNA分类存在多种方式,其中根据其作用机制的不同可分为4类:①信号分子作用,lncRNA可以作为信号分子传递通路信息[23];②引导分子作用,lncRNA可以通过染色质修饰酶帮助蛋白酶复合体找到顺势和反式调控位点[24];③诱导分子作用,lncRNA可以间接调控相关靶基因的转录相关过程[25];④支架作用,lncRNA可以在表观遗传水平上修饰调节靶基因[26]。其中lncRNA作为一种竞争性内源性RNA,与相应微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)互作结合,是目前lncRNA介导自噬在脑缺血再灌注损伤中最主要的分子机制。同时,这些lncRNA在自噬信号的诱导、囊泡成核、自噬体的延伸和成熟、自噬溶酶体的融合和降解等过程中参与了众多关键分子靶点和信号通路的调控。

  • 1 lncRNA调节自噬的诱导

  • 哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)是在疾病条件下感知细胞外营养、能量以及分泌因子等信号变化的一种丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶[27]。在脑缺血再灌注损伤早期阶段,当细胞处于饥饿状态时,mTOR活性受到抑制,这是真核生物自噬诱导过程中的关键步骤[28]。mTOR,包括mTORC1(雷帕霉素敏感)和mTORC2(雷帕霉素不敏感),其中mTORC1是主要的调控靶点[29]。在氧糖剥夺或使用雷帕霉素(mTOR抑制剂)情况下, mTORC1的激酶活性受到抑制,从而促进自噬的发生[30-31]。同时,mTORC1的激酶活性受到上游磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(phosphatidylinositol3⁃kinases,PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,PKB/Akt)的影响[32-33]

  • 许多证据表明,多条lncRNA可以通过调节PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路来调节自噬。lncRNA ⁃ RMRP(RNA component of mitochondrial RNA pro⁃ cessing endoribonuclease,RMRP)首次在胃癌中发现可以作为”海绵”吸附miR⁃206促进胃癌的发病[34]。氧糖剥夺/复氧(oxygen⁃glucose deprivation/reoxygen⁃ ation,OGD/R)处理可显著增加SH ⁃ SY5Y细胞中RMRP的表达。免疫荧光和蛋白免疫印迹显示RMRP沉默可以显著降低OGD/R诱导的LC3⁃11蛋白表达而增加p62的表达水平。沉默RMRP还可抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路的激活,降低促凋亡Bax的表达,促进抗凋亡Bcl⁃2的表达。这表明RMRP沉默可以有效抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR介导的自噬和细胞凋亡来改善OGD/R诱导的神经元损伤[19]

  • lncRNA ⁃ MEG3(maternally expressed gene3, MEG3)是位于人类染色体14q32的母系遗传的印记基因[35]。MEG3已被证明参与细胞自噬的调节,尤其在神经细胞中[36-37],通常充当竞争性内源RNA直接与相应的miRNA相互作用来调控mRNA表达。例如,它可以阻止miR⁃19a和miR⁃93与其靶mRNA的相互作用,增加PTEN和PHLPP2的表达水平,进而抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路[38]。大脑中动脉阻塞 (middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)大鼠模型中,MEG3的表达水平显著升高。沉默MEG3能抑制神经元凋亡,防止MCAO诱导的缺血性脑损伤,改善整体神经元功能。同时,MCAO能够显著降低PI3K、Akt和mTOR蛋白的磷酸化水平;而抑制MEG3可以激活PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路,从而抑制神经细胞的自噬,减轻缺血性损伤[21]。图1中显示了MEG3特异性结合miR⁃378,上调GRB2的表达,进而抑制Akt/mTOR通路的分子机制路线图。而在新生儿缺血缺氧模型中,雷帕霉素可以通过激活PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制p70S6K的磷酸化,诱导自噬,降低细胞凋亡水平,发挥神经保护作用[39]。以上研究结果表明所涉及的lncRNA通过PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路调控自噬,可能是脑缺血再灌注损伤的新靶标。然而, PI3K/Akt对不同动物缺血模型的mTOR信号的调节作用及其对自噬的影响并不一致的,其机制有待进一步探讨。

  • 图1 lncRNA调控神经元细胞自噬过程中的相关分子靶点

  • Fig.1 Target genes in Inc⁃RNA⁃mediated neuronal cell autophage

  • 同时,叉头框蛋白O类(forkhead box protein O, FOXO)3转录因子是PI3K/Akt信号通路下游的重要靶蛋白之一[10],能促进应激条件下的细胞自噬反应,并且与自噬相关基因如LC3、Beclin⁃1、ATG7和ATG12的启动子结合来激活自噬[40]。lncRNA⁃ KCNQ1OT1(KCNQ1opposite strand/antisense tran⁃ script 1,KCNQ1OT1)是位于11p15.5印记基因簇,具有调节功能的非编码反义RNA,能够调控表观遗传基因沉默。在短暂性大脑中动脉闭塞(temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion,tMCAO)脑组织中, KCNQ1OT1表达水平显著增加。沉默KCNQ1OT1减少了小鼠的脑梗死体积并改善神经功能障碍。抑制KCNQ1OT1可减少对miR⁃200a的“海绵”吸附,增强其对FOXO3靶基因的负性调控作用,降低FOXO3的表达水平;并进一步抑制ATG7转录,从而降低了OGD/R诱导的细胞自噬水平,增加细胞活力,促进神经元存活[41]。类似研究发现,在小鼠海马神经元HT22细胞中,lncRNA⁃SNHG12(small nu⁃ cleolar RNA host gene12,SNHG12)和FOXO3在糖氧剥夺模型中表达水平明显上调。抑制SNHG12可以减少OGD/R诱导的氧自由基和丙二醛的释放。从机制上讲,SNHG12可以抑制SIRT1/FOXO3通路介导的自噬,增强细胞活性,抑制氧化应激,改善脑缺血再灌注损伤[42]。总之,lncRNA参与了自噬诱导过程,包括PI3K/Akt信号的激活以及FOXO3转录因子的调节。因此,在自噬体形成的早期阶段,靶向自噬途径可能是lncRNA治疗脑缺血再灌注损伤的重要靶点。

  • 2 lncRNA调节囊泡成核

  • 细胞接受自噬诱导信号后,囊泡成核是自噬体形成的第一步。它们主要由Beclin⁃1、ATG1、ATG9和p150介导,其中Beclin⁃1起关键作用。Beclin⁃1 (酵母ATG6同源物)是自噬体形成过程中所需的重要的自噬相关蛋白,可强烈诱导自噬形成,并可在脑缺血再灌注过程中影响神经元的存活[43-44]。激活Beclin⁃1途径可加剧皮层神经元的死亡[45]。有报道表明,lncRNA可通过靶向miRNA调控Beclin⁃1基因表达来调控自噬的形成。lncRNA⁃MALAT1(metas⁃ tasis ⁃ associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1, MALAT1)是一种在哺乳细胞中广泛表达的长链非编码RNA,位于染色体11q13,在多种癌症的发生发展中发挥重要作用[46]。MALAT1在MCAO小鼠模型中明显高度表达[4447]。将慢病毒sh⁃MALAT1显微注射到大脑皮层中可以显著降低脑梗死体积。在机制上,lncRNA⁃MALAT1可以作为miR⁃30a的分子海绵,负性调节靶基因Beclin⁃1的表达,抑制自噬,从而减轻神经元细胞的死亡[44]。然而,其他研究表明,Beclin⁃1途径的激活对缺血性脑损伤具有神经保护作用。lncRNA⁃SNHG12位于染色体1p35.3区域,含有1 867个碱基,与肝癌、乳腺癌和胃癌的发病机制密切相关[48-49]。MCAO小鼠模型中,qRT⁃ PCR检测结果显示缺血后小鼠脑组织中SNHG12的表达水平明显高于假手术组。SNHG12的过表达可以显著促进神经元细胞中LC3⁃1的修饰和Beclin⁃1的表达。提示SNHG12可能通过促进自噬,调节囊泡成核和激活Beclin⁃1通路发挥神经保护作用[17]

  • 3 lncRNA调节囊泡延伸和成熟

  • 自噬体的延伸阶段主要依赖于两种泛素样偶联物,它们分别存在于ATG5⁃ATG12系统和LC3系统[50]。在前一种情况下,首先ATG7作为类E1泛素活化酶激活ATG12,ATG12传递给ATG10,然后ATG12与ATG5结合形成复合物,之后复合物进一步与ATG16L结合形成ATG12⁃ATG5⁃ATG16L复合物,最终定位于自噬体的外膜[51]。LC⁃3经历了ATG⁃4介导的蛋白水解和裂解,形成了胞浆可溶形式的LC3⁃1,随后与自噬体膜表面的底物PE偶联,从而生成LC ⁃3II。后者经过加工的形式通过ATG12⁃ ATG5系统与吞噬膜接合,并负责膜末端之间的融合[52]。在这些研究中,泛素活化酶ATG7是目前正在研究的重要分子靶点。根据Wang等[7] 的研究,敲除ATG7基因可以抑制神经元细胞凋亡,减少脑梗死体积,改善缺血/再灌注引起的急性脑损伤。因此,靶向调控ATG7蛋白表达可能是治疗脑缺血再灌注损伤的重要靶点。

  • 在tMCAO小鼠模型中,lncRNA⁃KCNQ1OT1的表达显著上调。沉默KCNQ1OT1可显著降低脑梗死体积,发挥脑保护作用。抑制KCNQ1OT1可通过增强miR⁃200a对靶基因的负性调控作用,降低转录因子FOXO3的表达水平降低,抑制ATG7转录和抑制细胞自噬发挥神经保护作用[41]。类似研究发现,在tMCAO小鼠模型和OGD/R细胞模型中,lncRNA⁃ SNHG3(small nucleolar RNA host gene3,SNHG3)的表达水平在tMCAO小鼠模型和OGD/R细胞模型中显著增加。在此基础上,荧光素酶报告基因证实了SNHG3、miR⁃485、Atg7的之间的相互关系。此外,3⁃ 甲基腺嘌呤(3⁃methyladenine,3⁃MA)能显著抑制OGD/R诱导的LC3⁃11和Beclin⁃1蛋白的表达,而转染pcDNA⁃SNHG3可激活细胞自噬水平。机制上, SNHG3过表达显著降低miR⁃485的表达,通过上调ATG7水平促进自噬,加剧组织缺血再灌注损伤[53]。上述结果表明,lncRNA可以通过调控ATG7的表达来影响自噬过程。

  • 在囊泡延伸和成熟过程中,LC3是公认的自噬标志物。其中,LC3⁃11的表达以及LC3⁃1向LC3⁃11的转化是评估自噬水平的重要指标[54]。在颅脑损伤大鼠模型中,lncRNA⁃CRNDE(colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed,CRNDE)在大鼠血清和海马组织中显著高表达。抑制CRNDE可显著降低了LC3⁃11/LC3⁃1比值和LC3⁃11的表达,从而抑制神经元细胞自噬,减少炎症因子的释放,促进神经元的修复[55]。然而,与结果不一致的研究显示,在新生大鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤模型中,lncRNA⁃CRNDE表达水平显著升高。抑制CRNDE能促进LC3⁃11蛋白表达,促进细胞自噬,抑制细胞凋亡,发挥了神经保护作用[18]。这些差异的结果表明,细胞自噬的确切作用可能因不同的动物模型、缺血时间和强度而改变。

  • 4 lncRNA调节自噬体与溶酶体融合

  • 由成熟的自噬体与溶酶体融合形成的自噬溶酶体被认为是最准确的自噬标志物之一[56]。自噬体和自噬溶酶体的结构和数量可以通过利用电子显微镜观察。成熟的自噬体是双膜限制的空泡,其中含有未分级的细胞质,如内质网膜和线粒体,但不含溶酶体蛋白[57]。lncRNA可以通过阻断自噬体与溶酶体的融合抑制自噬的活性,阻止自噬的发生。

  • lncRNA⁃NKILA(NF⁃kappaB interacting lncRNA, NKILA)被认为是NF⁃κB信号通路的负调节剂,既往研究表明在肿瘤转移的过程中起着重要作用[58]。在 Ⅳ型胶原酶构建的大鼠脑出血模型中,NKILA在神经元中的表达显著增加。此外,在脑出血后神经元细胞中,电子显微镜下可以看到较多完整的双层膜结构的囊泡。抑制NKILA可降低LC3⁃11/LC3⁃1比率和Beclin⁃1的表达水平,显著减少了自噬体数量,抑制自噬水平,减少炎症因子的释放,发挥了神经保护作用[16]。在缺血性脑卒中的神经元细胞中,使用透射电子显微镜可以观察到受损的细胞器的周围出现大量的空泡状双层膜样结构。同时,用mRFP⁃GFP⁃LC3腺病毒感染细胞以监测自噬通量。在早期自噬体中观察到GFP(绿色荧光蛋白)和RFP (红色荧光蛋白)共定位,显示出黄色斑点;当自噬体和溶酶体融合形成自噬溶酶体时,GFP在酸性环境中被降解,仅留下RFP,提示自噬通量水平增多。在OGD/R细胞模型中,lncRNA⁃KCNQ1OT1沉默组中黄、红斑点的荧光密度和强度明显低于对照组[41],提示KCNQ1OT1可以介导自噬体与溶酶体融合,调节细胞自噬水平发挥神经保护作用。

  • 5 lncRNA调节自噬体的降解

  • p62是一种泛素化蛋白,在降解过程中起关键作用。p62的蛋白质结构分别在C端和N端与泛素化蛋白和LC3⁃11结合形成复合物,最终在自噬体中降解[59]。H19是H19基因的转录本,最早在肿瘤中被发现的lncRNA之一[60]。研究表明,H19可以通过调节神经元自噬和小胶质细胞极化来诱导缺血性中风[61]。此外,缺血性卒中患者外周血中H19的水平与神经功能缺损的长期恢复呈明显负相关[62]。H19的表达水平在MCAO小鼠模型和OGD/R细胞模型中的显著上调。蛋白质印迹实验表明,OGD/R可以增强LC3⁃11的表达并降低p62蛋白的水平,而沉默H19可以提高p62蛋白的表达。这表明H19可以调节自噬体的降解来保护细胞免受缺血再灌注损伤[63]。另外一项研究表明,lncRNA⁃CRNDE在OGD/R细胞模型中的表达水平显著升高。OGD/R显著增加了LC3⁃11/1比率和Beclin⁃1的蛋白质水平,但显著降低了p62蛋白质水平。抑制CRNDE能抑制自噬,表现为LC3⁃11/1比率降低,p62水平升高,从而减轻OGD/R诱导的海马神经元细胞损伤[18]。因此,上述证据表明,lncRNA可以调节p62水平来调节自噬体的降解,对缺血再灌注损伤发挥神经保护作用。

  • 6 总结与展望

  • 本文从自噬角度系统性地回顾了相关lncRNA在脑缺血再灌注损伤过程中的调控靶点。图1显示了相关lncRNA在自噬各阶段中调控的重要分子、靶基因以及它们之间的相互关系。结果表明ln⁃ cRNA可以影响自噬体信号的诱导、囊泡成核、延伸和成熟、自噬溶酶体的形成和降解等各个阶段。同时,研究表明lncRNA调控自噬对神经细胞的作用具有双重效应,其激活或抑制都会影响脑缺血再灌注损伤中神经元细胞的命运。具体而言,在再灌注的前几个小时内,自噬的形成有助于清除受损的细胞器,促进物质和能量的代谢和循环,其机制可能与清除受损的细胞器和减少细胞内氧化应激有关。相关lncRNA在早期诱导自噬激活对神经元细胞具有积极保护作用。然而,过度的细胞自噬会消化正常生命活动必需的蛋白质和细胞器,导致包括凋亡在内的自噬细胞死亡。同样,也可以通过相关lncRNA调控相关的自噬基因降低细胞自噬水平发挥神经保护作用。这些具有争议的研究结果提示不同的lncRNA对自噬的调控作用并不完全一致,其中与动物模型、缺血方式、缺血时间以及缺血⁃再灌注的检测时间有关。

  • 随着高通量测序技术的发展,在脑缺血再灌注损伤中,越来越多差异表达的lncRNA被发现。然而,只有少数lncRNA在自噬过程中表达出明显特征,大部分lncRNA在自噬过程中的具体功能和机制尚不清楚,可作为临床生物标记物的lncRNA也屈指可数。同时,目前对自噬相关lncRNA的研究大多局限于细胞表型的检测,很少有研究能深入探索lncRNA和自噬相关蛋白特定功能位点。因此,未来需要更多的研究从分子水平阐明lncRNA在脑缺血再灌注损伤中调控自噬的的具体分子机制,并将其应用于临床防治的指导。

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    • [16] JIA J,ZHANG M,LI Q,et al.Long noncoding ribonucleic acid NKILA induces the endoplasmic reticulum stress/au⁃ tophagy pathway and inhibits the nuclear factor ⁃ k ⁃ gene binding pathway in rats after intracerebral hemorrhage [J].J Cell Physiol,2018,233(11):8839-8849

    • [17] YAO X,YAO R,HUANG F,et al.LncRNA SNHG12 as a potent autophagy inducer exerts neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2019,514(2):490-496

    • [18] FU C H,LAI F F,CHEN S,et al.Silencing of long non ⁃ coding RNA CRNDE promotes autophagy and alleviates neonatal hypoxic ⁃ischemic brain damage in rats[J].Mol cell biochem,2020,472(1⁃2):1-8

    • [19] ZHOU Z,XU H,LIU B,et al.Suppression of lncRNA RM⁃ RP ameliorates oxygen⁃glucose deprivation/re⁃oxygenation ⁃induced neural cells injury by inhibiting autophagy and PI3K/Akt/mTOR ⁃ mediated apoptosis[J].Biosci Rep,2019,39(6):BSR20181367

    • [20] ZHU H,WANG L,CHEN J,et al.Mechanisms underlying abnormal expression of lncRNA H19 in neonatal hypoxic⁃ ischemic encephalopathy[J].Am J Perinatol,2020,doi:10.1055/s⁃0040-1718947

    • [21] LUO H C,YI T Z,HUANG F G,et al.Role of long non⁃ coding RNA MEG3/miR ⁃378/GRB2 axis in neuronal au⁃ tophagy and neurological functional impairment in isch⁃ emic stroke[J].J Biol Chem,2020,295(41):14125-14139

    • [22] DJEBALI S,DAVIS C A,MERKEL A,et al.Landscape of transcription in human cells[J].Nature,2012,489(7414):101-108

    • [23] ZHONG B,WANG Q,HE J,et al.LncRNA LOC285194 modulates gastric carcinoma progression through activat⁃ ing Wnt/beta⁃catenin signaling pathway[J].Cancer Med,2020,9(6):2181-2189

    • [24] TSAI MC,MANOR O,WAN Y,et al.Long noncoding RNA as modular scaffold of histone modification complex⁃ es[J].Science,2010,329(5992):689-693

    • [25] LIU P Y,TEE A E,MILAZZO G,et al.The long noncod⁃ ing RNA lncNB1 promotes tumorigenesis by interacting with ribosomal protein RPL35[J].Nat Commun,2019,10(1):5026

    • [26] DONG A,PREUSCH C B,SO W K,et al.A long noncod⁃ ing RNA,LncMyoD,modulates chromatin accessibility to regulate muscle stem cell myogenic lineage progression [J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2020,117(51):32464-32475

    • [27] BONUCCI M,KUPERWASSER N,BARBE S,et al.mTOR and S6K1 drive polycystic kidney by the control of Afadin ⁃ dependent oriented cell division[J].Nat Com⁃ mun,2020,11(1):3200

    • [28] HE T,LI W,SONG Y,et al.Sestrin2 regulates microglia polarization through mTOR ⁃ mediated autophagic flux to attenuate inflammation during experimental brain isch⁃ emia[J].J Neuroinflammation,2020,17(1):329

    • [29] DENG L,CHEN L,ZHAO L,et al.Ubiquitination of Rheb governs growth factor ⁃ induced mTORC1 activation[J].Cell Res,2019,29:136-150

    • [30] WANG W,LI J,TAN J,et al.Endonuclease G promotes autophagy by suppressing mTOR signaling and activating the DNA damage response[J].Nat Commun,2021,12(1):476

    • [31] HEI C,LIU P,YANG X,et al.Inhibition of mTOR signal⁃ ing confers protection against cerebral ischemic injury in acute hyperglycemic rats[J].Int J Biol Sci,2017,13:878-887

    • [32] WEI W,LU M,LAN X B,et al.Neuroprotective effects of oxymatrine on PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway after hypoxic ⁃ ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats[J].Front Pharma⁃ col,2021,12:642415

    • [33] YIN S,YANG S,PAN X,et al.MicroRNA155 promotes oxLDLinduced autophagy in human umbilical vein endo⁃ thelial cells by targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway [J].Mol Med Rep,2018,18(3):2798-806

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    • [35] MIYOSHI N,WAGATSUMA H,WAKANA S,et al.Iden⁃ tification of an imprinted gene,Meg3/Gtl2 and its human homologue MEG3,first mapped on mouse distal chromo⁃ some 12 and human chromosome 14q[J].Genes Cells,2000,5(3):211-220

    • [36] ZHAO H,WANG X,FENG X,et al.Long non ⁃ coding RNA MEG3 regulates proliferation,apoptosis,and autoph⁃ agy and is associated with prognosis in glioma[J].J Neu⁃ rooncol,2018,140(2):281-288

    • [37] GAO S,LI E,GAO H.Long non ⁃coding RNA MEG3 at⁃ tends to morphine ⁃ mediated autophagy of HT22 cells through modulating ERK pathway[J].Pharm Biol,2019,57(1):536-542

    • [38] QIN N,TONG G F,SUN L W,et al.Long noncoding RNA MEG3 suppresses glioma cell proliferation,migration,and invasion by acting as a competing endogenous RNA of miR⁃19a[J].Oncol Res,2017,25(9):1471-1478

    • [39] CARLONI S,GIRELLI S,SCOPA C,et al.Activation of autophagy and Akt/CREB signaling play an equivalent role in the neuroprotective effect of rapamycin in neonatal hypoxia⁃ischemia[J].Autophagy,2010,6(3):366-377

    • [40] ZHAO J,BRAULT J J,SCHILD A,et al.FoxO3 coordi⁃ nately activates protein degradation by the autophagic/ly⁃ sosomal and proteasomal pathways in atrophying muscle cells[J].Cell Metab,2007,6(6):472-483

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    • [42] WU Y,HUANG Y,CAI J,et al.LncRNA SNHG12 im⁃ proves cerebral ischemic ⁃ reperfusion injury by activating SIRT1/FOXO3a pathway through i nhibition of autophagy and oxidative stress[J].Curr Neurovasc Res,2020,17(4):394-401

    • [43] HUANG L,LIU Z,WANG L.Effects of ischemic post⁃con⁃ ditioning on the expressions of LC3 ⁃Ⅱ and Beclin ⁃ 1 in the hippocampus of rats after cerebral ischemia and reper⁃ fusion[J].Open Life Sci,2019,14:179-190

    • [44] GUO D,MA J,YAN L,et al.Down ⁃ regulation of lncrna MALAT1 attenuates neuronal cell death through suppress⁃ ing beclin1 ⁃ dependent autophagy by regulating mir ⁃ 30a in cerebral ischemic stroke[J].Cell Physiol Biochem,2017,43(1):182-194

    • [45] MI Z,LIU H,ROSE M E,et al.Abolishing UCHL1's hy⁃ drolase activity exacerbates TBI ⁃ induced axonal injury and neuronal death in mice[J].Exp Neurol,2021,336:113524

    • [46] KIM J,PIAO H L,KIM B J,et al.Long noncoding RNA MALAT1 suppresses breast cancer metastasis[J].Nat Genet,2018,50(12):1705-1715

    • [47] TAN X,GUO W,PENG Z,et al.LncRNA⁃Malat1 down⁃ regulates miR ⁃ 211 ⁃ 5p expression to promote neuronal damage from cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury[J].Bio⁃ chem Pharmacol,2021,192:114694

    • [48] ZHANG T,BEEHARRY M K,WANG Z,et al.YY1⁃mod⁃ ulated long non ⁃ coding RNA SNHG12 promotes gastric cancer metastasis by activating the miR⁃218⁃5p/YWHAZ axis[J].Int J Biol Sci,2021,17(7):1629-1643

    • [49] WANG O,YANG F,LIU Y,et al.C⁃MYC⁃induced upreg⁃ ulation of lncRNA SNHG12 regulates cell proliferation,apoptosis and migration in triple ⁃ negative breast cancer [J].Am J Transl Res,2017,9(2):533-545

    • [50] NICOLA A M,ALBUQUERQUE P,MARTINEZ L R,et al.Macrophage autophagy in immunity to cryptococcus neoformans and candida albicans[J].Infec Immun,2012,80(9):3065-3076

    • [51] FISCHER S,RIJAL R,FROMMOLT P,et al.Functional characterization of ubiquitin ⁃like core autophagy protein ATG12 in dictyostelium discoideum]J].Cells,2019,8(1):72

    • [52] NODA N N,FUJIOKA Y,HANADA T,et al.Structure of the Atg12⁃Atg5 conjugate reveals a platform for stimulat⁃ ing Atg8⁃ PE conjugation[J].EMBO Rep 2013,14(2):206-211

    • [53] CAO Y,PAN L,ZHANG X,et al.LncRNA SNHG3 pro⁃ motes autophagy ⁃induced neuronal cell apoptosis by act⁃ ing as a ceRNA for miR⁃485 to up⁃regulate ATG7 expres⁃ sion[J].Metab Brain Dis,2020,35(8):1361-1369

    • [54] YUE Z,GUAN X,CHAO R,et al.Diallyl disulfide induc⁃ es apoptosis and autophagy in human osteosarcoma MG ⁃ 63 cells through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway[J].Mole⁃ cules,2019,24(14):2665

    • [55] YI M,DAI X,LI Q,et al.Downregulated lncRNA CRNDE contributes to the enhancement of nerve repair after trau⁃ matic brain injury in rats[J].Cell Cycle,2019,18(18):2332-2343

    • [56] CHITIPROLU M,JAGOW C,TREMBLAY V,et al.A complex of C9ORF72 and p62 uses arginine methylation to eliminate stress granules by autophagy[J].Nat Com⁃ mun,2018,9(1):2794

    • [57] LI W,TANG Y,FAN Z,et al.Autophagy is involved in oligodendroglial precursor⁃mediated clearance of amyloid peptide[J].Mol Neurodegener,2013,8:27

    • [58] CHEN R,CHENG Q,OWUSU⁃ANSAH K G,et al.NKI⁃ LA,a prognostic indicator,inhibits tumor metastasis by suppressing NF ⁃kappaB/Slug mediated epithelial ⁃mesen⁃ chymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Int J Biol Sci,2020,16(3):495-503

    • [59] YOU Z,JIANG W X,QIN L Y,et al.Requirement for p62 acetylation in the aggregation of ubiquitylated proteins un⁃ der nutrient stress[J].Nat Commun,2019,10(1):5792

    • [60] WU Z R,YAN L,LIU Y T,et al.Inhibition of mTORC1 by lncRNA H19 via disrupting 4E⁃BP1/Raptor interaction in pituitary tumours[J].Nat Commun,2018,9(1):4624

    • [61] WANG J,ZHAO H,FAN Z,et al.Long noncoding RNA H19 promotes neuroinflammation in ischemic stroke by driving histone deacetylase 1 ⁃ Dependent M1 microglial polarization[J].Stroke,2017,48(8):2211-2221

    • [62] WANG J,CAO B,ZHAO H,et al.Long noncoding RNA H19 prevents neurogenesis in ischemic stroke through p53/Notch1 pathway[J].Brain Res Bull,2019,150:111-117

    • [63] WANG J,CAO B,HAN D,et al.Long non ⁃coding RNA H19 induces cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury via acti⁃ vation of autophagy[J].Aging Dis,2017,8(1):71-84

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    • [44] GUO D,MA J,YAN L,et al.Down ⁃ regulation of lncrna MALAT1 attenuates neuronal cell death through suppress⁃ ing beclin1 ⁃ dependent autophagy by regulating mir ⁃ 30a in cerebral ischemic stroke[J].Cell Physiol Biochem,2017,43(1):182-194

    • [45] MI Z,LIU H,ROSE M E,et al.Abolishing UCHL1's hy⁃ drolase activity exacerbates TBI ⁃ induced axonal injury and neuronal death in mice[J].Exp Neurol,2021,336:113524

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    • [48] ZHANG T,BEEHARRY M K,WANG Z,et al.YY1⁃mod⁃ ulated long non ⁃ coding RNA SNHG12 promotes gastric cancer metastasis by activating the miR⁃218⁃5p/YWHAZ axis[J].Int J Biol Sci,2021,17(7):1629-1643

    • [49] WANG O,YANG F,LIU Y,et al.C⁃MYC⁃induced upreg⁃ ulation of lncRNA SNHG12 regulates cell proliferation,apoptosis and migration in triple ⁃ negative breast cancer [J].Am J Transl Res,2017,9(2):533-545

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    • [53] CAO Y,PAN L,ZHANG X,et al.LncRNA SNHG3 pro⁃ motes autophagy ⁃induced neuronal cell apoptosis by act⁃ ing as a ceRNA for miR⁃485 to up⁃regulate ATG7 expres⁃ sion[J].Metab Brain Dis,2020,35(8):1361-1369

    • [54] YUE Z,GUAN X,CHAO R,et al.Diallyl disulfide induc⁃ es apoptosis and autophagy in human osteosarcoma MG ⁃ 63 cells through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway[J].Mole⁃ cules,2019,24(14):2665

    • [55] YI M,DAI X,LI Q,et al.Downregulated lncRNA CRNDE contributes to the enhancement of nerve repair after trau⁃ matic brain injury in rats[J].Cell Cycle,2019,18(18):2332-2343

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    • [58] CHEN R,CHENG Q,OWUSU⁃ANSAH K G,et al.NKI⁃ LA,a prognostic indicator,inhibits tumor metastasis by suppressing NF ⁃kappaB/Slug mediated epithelial ⁃mesen⁃ chymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Int J Biol Sci,2020,16(3):495-503

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    • [62] WANG J,CAO B,ZHAO H,et al.Long noncoding RNA H19 prevents neurogenesis in ischemic stroke through p53/Notch1 pathway[J].Brain Res Bull,2019,150:111-117

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