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重要潜力，能够缓解病理改变并改善认知功能。 的表达，减轻该区域的炎症反应，从而改善大鼠的学
［52］
3.3 中医针刺疗法 习和记忆功能 。在AD的病理过程中，凋亡蛋白Bcl
［53］
针刺疗法已被证明能够显著下调AD患者血清 ⁃2与Bax的比例通常下降。Huang等 研究发现，针
中 Aβ1⁃42 水平，有助于缓解神经炎症反应、减轻氧 刺百会穴、大椎穴和双侧足三里可以有效上调Bcl⁃2
化应激并保护神经元，这些机制共同促进大脑功能 的表达，并抑制Bax的表达。同时减轻海马CA1区域
的恢复，改善认知状态并延缓 AD 的发展 ［51］ 。值得 的神经元受损，从而改善AD大鼠的记忆能力。
注意的是，海马区域在空间学习和记忆过程中扮演 综上所述，中医药能够在多个方面调控 NVU
着重要角色，针刺已被证明可有效改善海马的组织形 （表1），但是中医药多成分、多靶点的特点使其作用
态学和功能。最近研究表明，通过电针百会穴和肾俞 机制复杂且难以明确。例如，中药复方可能同时作

穴治疗AD大鼠，可以有效减少海马CA1区Aβ和Tau 用于 NVU 的多个组成部分（如神经元、血管内皮细
蛋白的沉积，降低促炎因子肿瘤坏死因子（tumor 胞、星形胶质细胞等），但其具体分子机制尚未完全
necrosis factor，TNF）⁃α和白介素（interleukin，IL）⁃1β 阐明。此外，中药成分在体内的代谢过程及其对
表1 中医药调控NVU治疗AD 的作用机制
Table 1 The mechanisms of NVU regulated by traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of AD
Methods of intervention Influencing factors Mechanisms of action
Traditional Chinese medicine compound
［39］
Polygala soup Levels of GSK⁃3β and Aβ Down⁃regulate the expression of GSK⁃3β and its phosphorylation，thereby
reducing Tau protein phosphorylation and improving spatial orientation
and memory ability of AD mice
Bushen Huatan Yizhi Phosphorylated Tau protein Inhibition of Tau protein hyperphosphorylation can reduce the formation
decoction ［43］ of NFT and significantly improve learning and memory impairment in rats
［54］
Ditan soup Phosphorylated Tau protein Reduce the hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein in the brain of AD mice，
reduce Tau aggregation，and reduce neuronal apoptosis
Peony herb and licorice Microglial polarization Reduce the aggregation of Aβ and the production of reactive oxygen
［55］
soup species，promotethegrowthofneurites，regulatethepolarizationofmicroglia，
and inhibit the expression of TNF⁃α，IL⁃6 and other inflammatory factors
Traditional Chinese medicine monomer
［46］
Ginsenoside Rb1 Aβ level Reduce inflammation and apoptosis stimulated by Aβ
Chuanshaozine ［47］ PhosphorylationlevelsofAβ Chuanshaozine could significantly reduce the deposition of Aβ and the
and Tau phosphorylation level of Tau protein，improve mitochondrial function，
and reduce oxidative stress
Kaempferol ［48］ Aβ level Reduce oxidative stress，inflammatory response and neurotoxicity induced
by Aβ，regulate cholinergic system，and play a role in the improvement
of AD
［56］
Isoglycyrrhizin Neuronal structure and Inhibit the hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein and reduce Tau aggrega⁃
function；Tau protein tion and fibrosis
Ginseng peptide ［57］ Oxidative stress Inhibit the aggregation of Aβ1 ⁃ 42 and alleviate oxidative stress and
neuronal injury induced by Aβ1⁃42
Acupuncture therapy
［46］
Electroacupuncture Aβ level Reduce the level of Aβ1⁃42 effectively
［52］
Electroacupuncture Deposition of Aβ and Tau Reduce the deposition of Aβ and Tau protein in the hippocampal CA1
region，reduce the expression of pro⁃inflammatory factors TNF⁃α and IL⁃1β
［53］
Acupuncture needle Apoptosis protein level Up⁃regulate the expression of Bcl⁃2 and inhibit the expression of Bax，
alleviate neuronal damage in the hippocampal CA1 region
Electroacupuncture ［58］ Aβ level Reduce the generation of Aβ plaques and promote the expression of
hippocampal myelin⁃related proteins
Acupuncture needle ［59］ Microglia and astrocyte Promote the release of anti⁃inflammatory factors from microglia and
reduce the expression of IL⁃1β and IL⁃6