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               ·1064 ·                           南 京    医 科 大 学 学         报                        2025年8月


              patients with poor renal prognosis. ROC curve analysis was used to determine the best cut⁃off value of CKAP4 score for renal events
             (highest Youden’s index). Time⁃dependent AUC analyses were also performed to characterize the predictive accuracy of CKAP4
              beyond 6 months after renal biopsy. In addition,hazard ratios between CKAP4 and DKD progression were calculated using by Cox
              proportional hazards models. The clinicopathological factors with statistical significance(P < 0.05)in univariate analysis were included
              as covariates in multivariate Cox proportional hazards model analysis. Kaplan⁃Meier analysis was used to evaluate the difference in
              survival beyond 6 months after renal biopsy between CKAP4 high⁃expression and CKAP4 low⁃expression groups. Results:Compared
              with the adjacent normal kidney tissues of tumor patients,the expression of CKAP4 in the kidneys of DKD patients was significantly
              increased(P < 0.05). The expression of CKAP4 in renal tissues of DKD patients was different in different stages,and the differences
              between stage Ⅱ and stage Ⅲ ,stage Ⅱ and stage Ⅳ ,and stage Ⅲ and stage Ⅳ were statistically significant(P < 0.05). The
              expression level of CKAP4 in DKD patients was positively correlated with serum creatinine,urea nitrogen and 24 h urine protein,while
              negatively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate and hemoglobin. During a median follow⁃up period of 2.22 years ,

              63 patients(44.06% )had DKD progression. Pearson correlation analysis showed that CKAP4 increased with the increase of
              pathological grade of DKD(r=0.808,P < 0.001). Of note,multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that elevated CKAP4 was
              associated with an increased risk of DKD progression(HR:4.120,95%CI:1.730- 9.811,P=0.001). In addition,in Kaplan⁃Meier
              survival analysis,patients with high CKAP4 expression had a significantly higher incidence of renal endpoint events than those with
              low CKAP4 expression(P < 0.001). At the same time,a nomogram was developed including CKAP4 classification to predict the risk of
              DKD progression(C ⁃ index:0.689). Conclusion:Our findings suggest that expression of CKAP4,derived from urine extracellular
              vesicles,is an independent risk factor for disease progression over 6 months after renal biopsy in DKD patients.
             [Key words] diabetic nephropathy;urine extracellular vesicles;CKAP4;fibrosis
                                                                      [J Nanjing Med Univ,2025,45(08):1063⁃1072,1100]





                  糖尿病肾病(diabetic kidney disease,DKD)是指          以及修复等功能,参与 DKD 的病理生理过程                    [8-9] 。
              由糖尿病引起的慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,              EV广泛存在于人体各种体液中,包括血液、尿液、脑
              CKD),是糖尿病最主要的微血管并发症之一 。                           脊液、泪液、唾液等,其中尿液可以反复收集,而且
                                                         [1]
              糖尿病引起的肾小管损伤会导致慢性缺氧,发生肾                            对机体无创伤,近年来部分研究表明,源于尿液细
                                                  [2]
              小球硬化与肾间质纤维化并进展为 CKD ,是导致                          胞外囊泡(urinary extracellular vesicle,uEV)的蛋白
              终末期肾病(end⁃stage kidney disease,ESKD)的主要           标志物比全尿液分析更能准确反映 DKD 患者肾脏
              原因之一。在临床实践中,肾脏疾病诊断的金标准                            潜在的病理变化,更适合作为DKD疾病发展的监测
              仍是肾组织活检,对评估肾脏病理、提供预后风险                            指标  [10] 。而且,由于EV是大分子物质,不能穿过肾
              信息至关重要 。然而,活检本身是一种有创性检                            小球滤过屏障,因此在肾损害早期,uEV不会受到体
                           [3]
              查,且受多种因素限制,肾组织活检不能在临床实                            内血源性EV的污染 。同时uEV的内容物在其双层
                                                                                 [11]
              践中被常规用于 DKD 的诊断或监测               [4-5] 。因此,探      脂质膜结构的包裹下,能避免被细胞外蛋白酶降解,
              寻有效且无创的生物标志物以帮助 DKD 的早期诊                          从而使 uEV 内的分子能稳定地表达 。因此,通过
                                                                                                [12]
              断、长期监测和治疗,对延缓CKD进展、改善远期预                          检测uEV内的一些生物分子来诊断和监测DKD也许
              后起着至关重要的作用。                                       将成为替代肾脏病理活检及蛋白尿检查的一种潜在
                  越来越多的研究表明,细胞之间的信息交流对                          且合乎逻辑的有效手段。
              维持机体稳态至关重要,细胞间和器官间通信失调                                 细胞骨架相关蛋白 4(cytoskeleton ⁃ associated
              在糖尿病及其并发症进展中发挥了重要作用 。细                            protein 4,CKAP4),又被称为p63,是一种由602个氨
                                                      [6]
              胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicle,EV)是细胞释放的膜             基酸构成的非糖基化Ⅱ型跨膜蛋白,在癌症、细胞迁
              包裹结构,是一类介导细胞间和器官间通信的新型                            移和信号转导中发挥作用           [13-14] 。研究表明,CKAP4可
              信号分子,携带着大量的细胞因子、趋化因子及参                            能通过调控转化生长因子(transforming growth factor,
              与信号转导的蛋白质、脂质等生物活性物质 ,在生                           TGF)⁃β通路促进纤维化        [15] 。有文献报道,CKAP4在
                                                     [7]
              理和病理过程中参与细胞间物质代谢,具有信息传                            特发性肺纤维化(idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,IPF)
              递,调节肾脏细胞代谢、炎症和免疫反应、血栓形成                           患者的肺组织中高表达            [15-16] 。这提示 CKAP4 与纤
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