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表2 各类阻滞技术的临床证据总结
Table 2 Summary of clinical evidence for various block techniques
Block technique Included literature Key findings Level of evidence
Intercostal nerve 7 articles(includ⁃ ① Analgesia extended to 72 h with significantly reduced opioid consump⁃ High
block(ICNB) ing 3 RCTs) tion;②Ultrasound guidance reduces the need for rescue analgesia;③Peak
plasma concentration far below the toxicity threshold, indicating good safety.
Thoracic paraver⁃ Indirect evidence ①Analgesic efficacy approaching TEA but with lower complication rates;② Very low (for
tebral block and 2 meta⁃analy⁃ Currently no high⁃quality studies directly using LB in TPVB;③Meta⁃analy⁃ LB)
(TPVB) ses ses show reduced pain scores and opioid consumption.
Erector spinae 2 articles(includ⁃ ①Reduced opioid consumption in pectus excavatum surgery;② In VATS, Low
plane block(ES⁃ ing 1 retrospec⁃ analgesic effect comparable to TPVB combined with ICNB.
PB) tive study)
Serratus anterior 5 articles(includ⁃ ①Significant pain reduction and improved quality of recovery after VATS;High
plane block ing 3 RCTs) ②Reduced opioid consumption after cardiac surgery;③ Caution required
(SAPB) for high plasma concentration when combined with other agents.
Parasternal inter⁃ 2 articles(includ⁃ ① Plasma concentration below the toxicity threshold;②Both RCTs showed Moderate (pre⁃
costal block(PIB) ing 1 RCT) that LB did not significantly improve opioid consumption or primary analge⁃ dominantly neg⁃
sic outcomes. ative results)
Local infiltration 3 articles ①Reduced pain scores and opioid consumption in elderly patients;②Anal⁃ Moderate
analgesia(LIA) gesic effect in pediatric patients non⁃inferior to continuous infusion pump;
③Plasma concentration shows a double⁃peak curve, coinciding with postop⁃
erative pain peaks.
The level of evidence was comprehensively assessed based on the number of included studies,study design(RCT as the gold standard),sample
size,and consistency of conclusions,and is classified into four grades:high,moderate,low,and very low.“For LB”specifically refers to direct evidence
concerning the use of liposomal bupivacaine in a particular technique.
需结合患者的具体术式、创伤范围及围术期凝血功 3.2 药理特性与弥散局限
能状态,为其制定个体化的区域镇痛方案。 LB 的理化特性限制了其在特定解剖间隙内
的物理弥散能力。由于 LB 多囊脂质体颗粒直径
3 局限性
(10~30 μm)显著大于普通盐酸布比卡因分子(<
[54]
3.1 镇痛效能争议 0.1 μm) ,其在致密筋膜或血供相对匮乏组织中的
尽管LB在延长镇痛时效方面具有优势,但其在 穿透与扩散程度受限。从药代动力学角度推测,高
复杂心胸手术中的绝对镇痛强度仍存争议。目前 体重指数(body mass index,BMI)患者的镇痛持续时
TEA及连续TPVB仍被视为心胸外科术后重度疼痛 间可能受到影响 [54-55] 。Salehi 等 [54] 对多囊脂质体递
管理的金标准。多项系统评价指出,在术后早期 送系统的综述指出,脂质体药物的释放特性受局部
(24 h内),单次注射LB的动态疼痛评分及阿片节俭 组织微环境影响;NYSORA 指南 [55] 提示,LB 在肥胖
效应与普通局麻药相比未显示优效性,多数研究仅 患者中的临床效果可能存在个体差异,并建议,LB
证实其非劣效性或差异无统计学意义 [51-53] 。Ji等 [51] 稀释后浓度不应低于1.3 mg/mL,单点注射容积不宜
的系统评价纳入 23 项 RCT 共 1 845 例患者,结果显 超过 30 mL,以避免因药液分布不均导致的“斑片
示在术后24 h疼痛评分方面,LB与安慰剂或其他活 状”阻滞不全。
性药物相比差异无统计学意义(SMD=-0.12,95% 3.3 经济成本考量
CI:-0.28~0.04),但在术后 48~72 h LB 组疼痛评分 高昂的制剂成本是制约 LB 广泛普及的因素之
更低(SMD=-0.31,95%CI:-0.52~-0.10)。与连续局 一,尤其在我国医保支付改革背景下更为突出。部
麻药泵注方案相比,LB的即刻镇痛效能可能不具优 分成本效果分析显示,LB可通过减少阿片相关不良
势,但目前缺乏直接对比的高质量证据。 反应及缩短住院时间,使整体住院成本接近成本中

