Page 124 - 《南京医科大学学报》自然科学版2026年第2期
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南京医科大学学报(自然科学版) 第46卷第2期
·280 · Journal of Nanjing Medical University(Natural Sciences) 2026年2月
·综 述·
运动对机体多组织器官影响的年龄异质性及其机制
甘晨云,王晓东 *
南京医科大学第一附属医院内分泌科,江苏 南京 210029
[摘 要] 有氧运动与阻抗运动在改善肌肉质量、心肺功能、神经认知和内分泌代谢等方面各有侧重,但其效应并非一成不
变,而是受到年龄因素的调节。文章在综述有氧运动与阻抗运动对机体作用特点的基础上,重点探讨运动在老年及年轻群体
中对骨骼肌系统、心血管系统、神经系统及内分泌代谢系统影响的年龄异质性,系统性整合了运动与年龄交互作用的证据,并
分析其潜在机制。相对年轻群体,衰老导致机体上述系统功能衰退与代谢改变,使得老年群体对运动的生理反应、适应能力及
获益程度呈现不同特征,如运动后肌肉蛋白质合成反应减弱、心血管与神经保护效应更为显著但恢复能力下降等。提示为老
年群体制定安全、健康的运动方案时,必须考虑年龄异质性,审慎选择运动方式、强度与持续时间。
[关键词] 运动;有氧运动;阻抗运动;衰老;代谢;骨骼肌
[中图分类号] R589 [文献标志码] A [文章编号] 1007⁃4368(2026)02⁃280⁃09
doi:10.7655/NYDXBNSN251214
Age⁃related heterogeneity in the effects of exercise on multiple tissues and organs of the
body and its underlying mechanisms
GAN Chenyun,WANG Xiaodong *
Department of Endocrinology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,Nanjing 210029,China
[Abstract] Aerobic exercise and resistance exercise have their own focuses in improving muscle mass,cardiopulmonary function,
neurocognition,and endocrine metabolism,etc. However,their effects are not uniform,but are significantly modulated by age. Based on
a review of the characteristics of the effects of aerobic exercise and resistance exercise on the body,this paper focuses on exploring the
age heterogeneity of the effects of exercise on the skeletal muscle system,cardiovascular system,nervous system and endocrine
metabolism system in the elderly and young groups,systematically integrating the evidence of the interaction between exercise and age,
and analyzing its potential mechanisms. Compared to younger individuals,aging leads to functional decline and metabolic alterations in
the above mentioned systems. Consequently,older adults exhibit distinct characteristics in their physiological responses,adaptive
capacity,and degree of benefit from exercise. Examples include attenuated post⁃exercise muscle protein synthesis,more pronounced
cardiovascular and neuroprotective effects,and diminished recovery capacity. Therefore,when designing safe and effective exercise
regimens for the elderly,it is essential to consider age⁃specific factors and judiciously select the exercise modality,intensity,and
duration.
[Key words] exercise;aerobic exercise;resistance exercise;aging;metabolism;skeletal muscle
[J Nanjing Med Univ,2026,46(02):280⁃288]
运动作为一种天然的非药物性健康干预手段, 挥重要作用 [1-2] 。适度运动不仅可以减轻肥胖、改
在对抗慢性疾病、退行性疾病甚至是心理疾病中发 善体型、提高身体素质,还可以防治包括心血管疾
病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)、阿 尔 茨 海 默 症
[基金项目] 国家自然科学基金(82470915);伊犁临床医学
(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)、代谢综合征、肌肉减少症
研究基金(yl2021zd03)
等衰老相关疾病 [3-8] 。因此,运动对维持健康至关重
∗
通信作者(Corresponding author),E⁃mail:wangxiaodong@jsph.
org.cn(ORCID:0009⁃0005⁃1239⁃1867) 要,目前主流运动方式为有氧运动与阻抗运动。有

