Page 129 - 《南京医科大学学报》自然科学版2026年第2期

第46卷第2期 甘晨云，王晓东. 运动对机体多组织器官影响的年龄异质性及其机制［J］.
2026年2月 南京医科大学学报（自然科学版），2026，46（2）：280-288 ·285 ·

表1 不同运动方式对各系统影响的核心观点
Table 1 Core perspectives on the effects of different exercise modalities on various systems
Exercise Publication Affected
Literature title Authors Key findings
modality year system
RT An evidence ⁃ basednarrative review 2022 Lim C， Skeletal Primarily activates type Ⅱ muscle fibers
［26］
of mechanisms of resistance exercise⁃ et al muscle and promotes muscle protein synthesis
induced human skeletal muscle and hypertrophy via the mTOR pathway
hypertrophy （a key pathway in muscle anabolism）
RT Effects of aerobic vs. resistance ex⁃ 2023 Kim HB， Cardiovascular Improves the degree of arteriosclerosis，
ercise on vascular function and vas⁃ et al ［41］ system increases carotid artery blood flow
cular endothelial growth factor in （though the effect is significantly weak⁃
older women er than that of aerobic exercise），and se⁃
lectively enhances vascular endothelial
growth factor to influence angiogenesis
RT Influence of resistance training on 2021 Keating Nervous Resistance training can improve gait
［47］
gait & balance parameters in older CJ，et al system and enhance balance ability in older
adults：a systematic review adults
ET＆RT The effects of physical exercise on 2018 Van der Lipid Both resistance and aerobic exercise can
fatty liver disease Windt DJ， metabolism reduce liver fat content and ameliorate
et al ［20］ the development of alcoholic liver dis⁃
ease，while resistance training addition⁃
ally reduces visceral fat
ET＆RT Regulation of skeletal muscle glu⁃ 2019 Evans PL， Glucose Both resistance and aerobic exercise can
cose transport and glucose metabo⁃ et al ［65］ metabolism lower fasting blood glucose and HbA1c
lism by exercise training levels，increase muscle phosphofructoki⁃
nase activity，and enhance the capacity
to utilize glucose for ATP production via
glycolysis
ET Exercise and cardiac health：physio⁃ 2020 Moreira Cardiovascular Induces physiological eccentric ventricu⁃
logical and molecular insights JBN，et system lar hypertrophy，reduces resting heart
［22］
al rate，reverses ventricular remodeling，
and decreases myocardial ischemia/re⁃
perfusion injury and oxidative stress
ET Aerobic exercise training improves 2019 Kleinloog Nervous Aerobic exercise training can improve
cerebral blood flow and executive JPD，et system regional cerebral blood flow，enhance
function：a randomized，controlled al ［45］ cognitive function，and exert beneficial
cross ⁃ over trial in sedentary older effects on peripheral glucose metabolism
men
RT：Resistance training. ET：Endurance training.

阻抗运动则是目前认为提升肌肉质量、功能及对抗 有效激发适应性，反而可能加剧骨骼肌蛋白质氧
肌肉减少症的核心策略。联合运动以及最近流行 化，引发不良心血管事件，甚至抑制海马神经发
的HIT的益处也日渐被证明、提倡与推广，目前并无 生。其次，运动时间在老年群体中展现出关键的
某项研究直接证明何者对老年群体更优。同时需 “补偿效应”。由于老年群体骨骼肌损伤恢复缓慢、
要意识到运动强度与时间等参数则是影响疗效的 合成代谢反应延迟，导致整体运动效益的实现更依
核心变量。高强度训练激发年轻个体的最大生理 赖于运动时间的长期累积，足够的累积时间是保证
潜能，然而对于老年个体，同等运动强度非但不能 老年群体从运动中获益的必要条件。但目前并无