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第46卷第9期      孟明辉,陈正新,王慧博. 翻译后修饰介导的膜表面稳态调控与胶质母细胞瘤免疫可见性重塑[J].
                  2026年9月                     南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2026,46(9):1398-1411                      ·1403 ·


                                             表1 PD⁃L1、MHC⁃Ⅰ和CD47的膜表面稳态调控
                                Table 1 Membrane surface homeostasis regulation of PD⁃L1,MHC⁃Ⅰ,and CD47

                              Immune
                Molecule                          Main regulatory mechanism            Functional consequence
                          visibility dimension
                PD⁃L1   Adaptive immune sup⁃ PTM regulates its folding,stability,degradation,Determines whether PD ⁃ L1 can stably exist
                        pression           and localization                    on the plasma membrane and inhibit T cell
                                                                               function
                        Membrane transport and Intracellular transport and sorting regulatory fac⁃ Impacting PD⁃L1 surface availability and re⁃
                        recycling          tors regulate the trafficking of PD ⁃ L1 between sponse to anti⁃PD⁃1 therapy
                                           the plasma membrane,endosomes,and lysosomes
                        Tumor stemness and tra⁃ ICAM1/β⁃catenin,Wnt,EGFR,and other signals Enhancing the ability of GBM cells to inhibit
                        nscriptional regulation  promote CD274 transcription or maintain the im⁃ T cell responses
                                           mune suppressive phenotype of GSCs
                MHC⁃Ⅰ Antigen presentation vi⁃ MHC ⁃ Ⅰ assembled in the endoplasmic reticu⁃ Determines whether GBM cells can be effec⁃
                                                                                                 +
                        sibility           lum and then delivered to the cell surface via the tively recognized by CD8 T cells
                                           Golgi apparatus
                        Functional surface exp⁃ Abnormal glycosphingolipids,SPPL3 ⁃ B3GNT5 Even if MHC⁃Ⅰ is present on the membrane,
                        osure              axis,and others can affect the surface accessibility its function may be limited due to spatial oc⁃
                                           of HLA⁃Ⅰ                            clusion
                                                                        +
                        T cell/NK cell recogni⁃ MHC ⁃ Ⅰ downregulation weakens CD8 T cell GBM may selectively maintain MHC⁃Ⅰ lev⁃
                        tion balance       recognition but may trigger NK cell“missing ⁃ els to balance T cell escape and NK cell es⁃
                                           self”recognition                    cape
                CD47    Innate immune visibility CD47 binds to macrophage/microglial cell SIRPα,Inhibits phagocytosis,aiding GBM in evad⁃
                                           transmitting the“don’t eat me”signal  ing innate immune clearance
                        Protein stability and deg⁃ EGFR/c⁃Src mediates CD47 phosphorylation,in⁃ Enhances CD47 surface stability and anti ⁃
                        radation           hibiting TRIM21 ⁃ mediated ubiquitination and phagocytic capacity
                                           degradation
                        Therapeutic adaptation Radiation resistance,FAO metabolic switch,Promotes anti ⁃ phagocytic state,recurrence,
                        and  microenvironment RelA acetylation,and the hypoxia ⁃ exosome and immune escape following radiotherapy
                        reprogramming      IGFBP2 axis collectively upregulate or stabilize
                                           CD47


                建立分布式免疫抑制网络的重要结构基础。                               载 [73] ,糖基化可调节 EV 诱导侵袭的能力           [74-75] ,也可
                    EV 的生成和货物分选涉及内吞⁃内体⁃多泡体                        以影响膜蛋白进入EV的效率             [76-79] ,SUMO化也可能
               (multivesicular body,MVB)途径、内体分选转运复合               参与特定货物向内体或质膜出芽位点的定位                    [80-81] 。
                体(endosomal sorting complex required for transport,   GBM 直接相关研究已经表明,肿瘤来源 EV 可
                ESCRT)相关机制     [68-69] 以及中性鞘磷脂酶 2(neutral         诱导免疫抑制性单核细胞或髓系细胞表型。IFN⁃γ
                                         [70]
                sphingomyelinase 2,nSMase2) 、Ras 相关蛋白 Rab⁃        暴露后的 GBM 细胞可释放更具免疫抑制性的 EV,
                                                     [71]
                27A(Ras⁃related protein Rab⁃27A,Rab27a) 以及四       并伴随 EV 中 PD⁃L1 和吲哚胺 2,3⁃双加氧酶 1(in⁃
                跨膜蛋白等多个分子过程            [72] 。翻译后修饰可通过             doleamine 2,3⁃dioxygenase 1,IDO1)增加,从而增强
                影响货物识别、膜蛋白装载、囊泡释放和受体细胞                            对单核/髓系细胞的免疫抑制重编程                 [36] 。放疗后产
                摄取,改变 EV 的免疫调控功能。磷酸化、糖基化、                         生的 GBM⁃EV 也可被肿瘤微环境细胞摄取,并促进
                SUMO 化等修饰已被证明可参与特定蛋白或RNA货                         特定巨噬细胞PD⁃L1表达,进一步加重治疗后免疫抑
                物进入EV的选择性分选。例如,某些RNA结合蛋白                          制和耐受状态 。这些研究提示,EV可在治疗压力
                                                                              [37]
                的修饰状态可影响微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)装                    和炎症刺激下被重新编程,使其从普通细胞间通讯载
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