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第45卷第2期 赵翔宇,姚心怡,孙美玲. 慢性肾脏病诱导认知障碍的研究进展[J].
2025年2月 南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2025,45(2):260-270 ·265 ·
受体(AT2R)并发挥生理作用的主要效应分子 [25] 。 间的相互作用。这种相互作用导致神经血管单元
AT1R广泛分布于脑组织中,如BBB周围、下丘脑室 的结构改变和功能受损,引发 BBB 破坏、神经胶质
上核和室旁核等 ,而AT2R在下橄榄、丘脑核和内 反应和免疫细胞浸润等一系列生理和病理变化,最
[26]
[27]
侧膝状核等核团的分布密度较高 。尽管AngⅡ能 终导致 CI(表 1)。当尿毒症毒素渗透到脑中,会对
够结合两种不同的受体,但ACE的上调会使AT1R特 脑内细胞如神经元、胶质细胞等产生有害影响,导
异性增加,进而加剧脑内炎症、细胞死亡及CI。CKD 致工作记忆损伤、突触可塑性受损,影响认知功
患者体内增加的Ang Ⅱ激活其受体AT1R,导致BBB 能。尿酸、IS和甲基胍胺等可直接刺激脊髓上段腹
破坏,使得循环毒素得以进入脑。这一过程触发小胶 侧中央区的神经元,通过增加氧化应激引起直接的
质细胞的过度激活,促使其从保护性的M2表型向炎 神经毒性作用。甲基乙二醛(methylglyoxal,MGO)
症性的M1表型转变,伴随着NOS水平的上升和ROS 和吲哚乙酸(indole⁃3⁃acetic acid,IAA)能够降低小
及促炎细胞因子的产生,如TNF⁃α、IL⁃1β和IL⁃6,导致 鼠海马神经元细胞系HT⁃22的存活率,而这与谷胱
神经元损伤。此外,Ang Ⅱ通过增强脑内皮细胞上的 甘肽水平降低有着密切联系 [28] 。尿毒症毒素除了
AT1R活性,进一步增加BBB的渗透性,形成正反馈 对神经元有直接神经毒性作用,对胶质细胞也产生
循环,加剧神经损伤,最终可能导致CI的发生。这些 影响。甲基胍可能通过增强凋亡反应和改变胶质
发现揭示了RAS系统在CKD相关CI中的潜在作用, 细胞线粒体钙稳态来促进神经退行性变 [29] 。星形
并为未来的治疗策略提供了可能的干预靶点。 胶质细胞在CNS中具有多种关键功能,但其暴露于
2.2 神经性变性 IS 后可导致糖酵解抑制和细胞凋亡,并激活 NF⁃
2.2.1 尿毒症毒素的直接神经毒性 κB 和 AhR 导致炎症反应和氧化应激 [30] 。活性炭吸
据报道,部分尿毒症毒素能够介导肾脏和脑之 附剂 AST⁃120 能显著降低血清和脑 IS 水平,改善海
表1 尿毒症毒素对CNS的影响及作用机制
Table 1 The impact and mechanism of uremic toxins on the CNS
Classification Uremic toxin Impact on CNS Mechanism References
Water⁃soluble low⁃ Guanidine Neurological degenerative Methylguanidine enhanced the pro ⁃ apoptotic [29]
molecular ⁃ weight diseases effects of H2O2 and altered the mitochondrial calcium
solutes homeostasis of glial cells;guanidine compounds
could block GABA ⁃ A receptors and activate
NMDA receptors
[33]
Asymmetric dim⁃ Inflammatory responses Elevated levels of ADMA could further lead to a
ethylarginine and endothelial dysfunction decrease in NO
Increased the expression of VCAM⁃1 and ICAM⁃1
Phosphate Localized inflammation [29]
in brain endothelial cells;alkaline phosphatase led
[16]
to Tau phosphorylation,caused the binding of Tau
to muscarinic receptors on hippocampal neurons,
led to a large influx of calcium into the cells and
triggered apoptosis
Middle molecules β2⁃microglobulin Synaptic damage and mem⁃ β2M could cross the blood⁃brain barrier and act on [34]
ory deficits the NMDA receptors in nerve cells
Protein⁃bound ure⁃ Homocysteine White matter damage and Increased the production of H 2O2,affected the anti⁃ [35]
mic toxins endothelial cell damage oxidant defense system,and induced apoptosis by
the generation of mitochondrial oxidants
Indoxyl sulfate Astrocyte apoptosis and IS inhibited the MAPK signaling pathway under [36]
neuronal death oxidative stress;activation of NF⁃κB and AhR in⁃
duced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in
the brain;inhibited glycolysis in astrocytes
BBB breakdown Disrupted the BBB by AhR activation [37]
Cytokines like IFN ⁃ γ activated the kynurenine
Kynurenine Neuronal cell apoptosis; [29]
pathway,causing QUIN production by monocytes,
the relative imbalance of [38]
which could damage cells via NMDA receptors and
KYNA and QUIN levels
promote the formation of reactive oxygen species
Methylglyoxal Neuronal cell damage Increased oxidative stress and depleted glutathione [28]
levels

