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第46卷第5期                查梦瑶,曹 楷,李 薇. 实体瘤软脑膜转移的诊断与鞘内治疗现状[J].
                  2026年5月                     南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2026,46(5):751-761                         ·753 ·


                并对 LM 发挥作用的关键障碍;而经其他途径递送                          测到肿瘤细胞,但影像学显示弥漫或线状脑膜对比
                的药物,则受限于 LM 患者 CSF 内独特的肿瘤微环                       增强,可酌情考虑鞘内治疗。然而,对于仅存在孤
                境特征及其免疫代谢特性。EANO⁃ESMO 已针对                         立结节性脑膜病灶的患者,不建议进行鞘内治疗。
                                          [3]
                LM治疗提出循证性指南建议 ,为临床制定综合治
                                                                  3  鞘内治疗
                疗策略提供重要参考。治疗策略应综合评估肿瘤
                的病理及分子特征、既往治疗史、患者一般健康状                                LM 患者全身用药受血⁃脑屏障及血⁃脑脊液屏
                况、是否合并脑实质转移、颅外疾病进展情况,以及                           障影响,药物在 CSF 中难以达到有效治疗浓度。鞘
                LM的临床表现(图1)。当CSF中检出肿瘤细胞时,                         内治疗可直接绕过上述屏障,将药物精准递送至脑
                无论 MRI 所示表现如何,通常建议给予鞘内治疗。                         膜病灶,是LM患者的重要治疗手段之一。由于CSF
                在确诊 LM 后,应考虑调整全身系统治疗方案。对                          容量远小于血浆,鞘内低剂量给药即可获得较高的
                于伴有症状的结节性病灶,尤其是累及颅神经或马                            局部药物浓度,从而增强抗肿瘤活性并降低全身毒
                尾的病灶,应给予局部放射治疗。若 CSF 检查未检                         性 [13] 。根据 ESMO 专家共识     [14] ,鞘内治疗适用于多



                                                                  Life expectancy≥1
                       Life expectancy<1
                                                                      month
                           month
                                                  Type Ⅰ LM
                                                                                      Type Ⅱ LM
                      Palliative approach      Positive CSF or biopsy
                                                                             Clinical findings and neuroimaging only
                                                          CSF cytology negative
                               CSF cytology positive
                                                        (LM confirmed by biopsy)

                       No active BM          Active BM                   No active BM          Active BM

                  Stable ECD  Progressive ECD  Stable ECD  Progressive ECD  Stable ECD  Progressive ECD  Stable ECD  Progressive ECD



                 ⅠA         ⅠA         ⅠA          ⅠA            ⅡA          ⅡA          ⅡA          ⅡA
                ·IT therapy+  ·IT therapy+  ·IT therapy+  ·IT therapy+  ·IT therapy(+) ·IT therapy(+)  ·IT therapy(+)  ·IT therapy(+)
                ·Modification of ·Modification of  ·Modification of ·Modification of  ·Modification of ·Modification of  ·Modification of  ·Modification of
                 systemic therapy systemic therapy  systemic therapy systemic therapy  systemic therapy systemic therapy  systemic therapy  systemic therapy
                (+)        (+)         therapy or  +             or WBRT +   +           or WBRT or both  +
                ·WBRT(+)    ·WBRT(+)   WBRT or both + ·WBRT(+)               ·WBRT(+)    +          ·WBRT(+)
                                                                 ⅡB
                 ⅠB         ⅠB         ⅠB          ⅠB            ·IT therapy  ⅡB         ⅡB          ⅡB
                ·IT therapy+  ·IT therapy+  ·IT therapy+  ·IT therapy+  ·Modification of ·IT therapy  ·IT therapy+  ·IT therapy
                ·Modification of ·Modification of  ·Modification of ·Modification of  systemic therapy ·Modification of  ·Modification of  ·Modification of
                 systemic therapy systemic therapy  systemic therapy systemic therapy  (+)  systemic therapy  systemic therapy  systemic therapy
                (+)         +          +           +             ·Focal RT +  +          +           +
                ·Focal RT+  ·Focal RT(+)  ·Focal RT +  ·Focal RT(+)          ·Focal RT +  ·Focal RT +  ·Focal RT(+)
                                                                 ⅡC
                 ⅠC         ⅠC         ⅠC          ⅠC            ·IT therapy(+) ⅡC       ⅡC          ⅡC
                ·IT therapy+  ·IT therapy+  ·IT therapy+  ·IT therapy+  ·Modification of ·IT therapy(+)  ·IT therapy(+)  ·IT therapy(+)
                ·Modification of ·Modification of  ·Modification of ·Modification of  systemic therapy ·Modification of  ·Modification of  ·Modification of
                 systemic therapy systemic therapy  systemic therapy systemic therapy  ·WBRT and/or  systemic therapy  systemic therapy  systemic therapy
                (+)        (+)         +           +             focal RT +  +           +           +
                ·Focal RT+,  ·WBRT or SR  ·WBRT and/or  ·WBRT and/or         ·WBRT and/or  ·WBRT and/or  ·WBRT and/or
                 WBRT(+)   (+)         focal RT +  focal RT(+)               focal RT +  focal RT +  focal RT(+)

                 ⅠD         ⅠD         ⅠD          ⅠD
                ·IT therapy+  ·IT therapy+  ·IT therapy+  ·IT therapy+
                ·Modification of ·Modification of  ·WBRT and/or  ·Modification of
                 systemic therapy systemic therapy  modification of  systemic therapy
                (+)        (+)         systemic therapy +
                ·RT-        ·RT-       +           ·WBRT(+)
                   +:recommended;(+):optional;-:not recommended;BM:brain metastases;CSF:cerebrospinal fluid;ECD:extracranial disease;IT:intrathecal;
                LM:leptomeningeal metastases;RT:radiotherapy;WBRT:whole brain radiotherapy.
                                                  图1   EANO⁃ESMO LM的治疗方法
                                            Figure 1 EANO⁃ESMO therapeutic approach to LM
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