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Journal of Nanjing Medical University(Social Sciences)of Nanjing Medical University(Social Sciences) 2026年4月
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The rise and evolution of nursing schools in modern China
(1884—1949)
XU Jianou
School of Medicine,Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang 212000,China
Abstract:This paper employs a historical research method,comprehensively utilizing Chinese and English
sources, including contemporary journals and archival materials, to systematically trace the evolutionary
trajectory of nursing schools in modern China from 1884 to 1949,with these nursing schools serving as the
primary focus of investigation. The study finds that this development primarily progressed through three
principal phases. The first phase was the origins and emergence (1884—1912), initiated by Western
missionaries with a focus on apprenticeship⁃based training and a geographical distribution concentrated along
rivers and coastal areas. The second phase was the standardization and localization (1912—1937),driven
toward standardization by the Chinese Nursing Association and initiated the process of localization by rising
nationalism trending and government intervention. The third phase was the challenge and transformation (1937—
1949), during which the impact of war shifted the institutional administrative authority from missionary
organizations to the state,leading to significant educational restructuring. Nursing schools served as the core
vehicle for the transplantation and institutionalization of the modern nursing knowledge system and professional
framework in China,and their evolution facilitated the crucial shift of nursing education from an apprenticeship
model to a school⁃based system. Reflecting on these historical achievements and limitations offers significant
insights for deepening nursing education reform and fostering industry⁃education integration in the new era.
Key words:history of nursing;nursing schools;education

